We use novel datasets from multiple sources to quantify US and Canadian consumers’ net pecuniary costs of making payments across income cohorts. The net costs include mer[...]

One of the most important channels through which monetary policy affects the real economy is changes in mortgage rates. This paper studies the effects of mortgage rate ch[...]

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "Debt-relief programs and money left on the table: Evidence from Canada’s response to COVID-19", by Allen, Clark, [...]

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of debt‐relief programs targeting short‐run household liquidity constraints implemented in Canada in response to the COVID‐19 pandem[...]

Prospective economic developments depend on the behavior of consumer spending. A key question is whether private expenditures recover once social distancing restrictions [...]

For central banks who study the use of cash, acceptance of card payments is an important factor. Surveys to measure levels of card acceptance and the costs of payments ca[...]

Recent studies find that cash remains the dominant payment choice for small-value transactions despite the prevalence of alternative payment methods such as debit and cre[...]

Using transaction-level data from a three-day shopping diary, we estimate a model of consumer payment instrument choice that disentangles the effect of merchant card acce[...]

One similarity among many developed economies is the predominance of cash over electronic payments in terms of payment frequency, especially for the low-value transaction[...]

The authors present key insights from the Bank of Canada’s 2009 Methods-of-Payment survey. In the survey, about 6,800 participants completed a questionnaire with detailed[...]